Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Flash Point shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Flash Point offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Flash Point at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Flash Point? Wrong! If the Flash Point is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Flash Point then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Flash Point? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Flash Point and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Flash Point wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Flash Point then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Flash Point site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Flash Point, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Flash Point, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
The
flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest
temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air. At this temperature the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed. A slightly higher temperature, the fire point, is defined as the temperature at which the vapor continues to burn after being ignited. Neither of these parameters are related to the temperatures of the ignition source or of the burning liquid, which are much higher. The flash point is often used as one descriptive characteristic of liquid
fuels, but it is also used to describe liquids that are not used intentionally as fuels.
Mechanism
Every flammable liquid has a vapor pressure, which is a
function (mathematics) ofthat liquid's temperature. As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases. As the vapor pressureincreases, the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperaturedetermines the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the airunder thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. Different flammable liquids require differentconcentrations of the fuel in air to sustain combustion. The flash point is that minimum temperature at whichthere is a sufficient concentration of evaporated fuel in the air for combustion to propagate after an ignition source has been introduced.
Measuring flash points
There are two basic types of flash point measurement: open cup and closed cup.
In open cup devices the sample is contained in an open cup (hence the name) which is heated, and at intervals a flame is brought over the surface. The measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame above the liquid surface, and at sufficient height the measured flash point temperature will coincide with the fire point. Examples include Cleveland Open Cup and Pensky-Martens open cup. The main difference being that the former is heated from below, while the later is heated from the sides as well as below.
Closed cup testers, of which the Pensky-Martens closed cup is one example, are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced periodically. The vapour above the liquid is assumed to be in reasonable equilibrium with the liquid. Closed cup testers give lower values for the flash point (typically 5-10 K) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL).
The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental physical parameter. The measured value will vary with equipment and test protocol variations, including temperature ramp rate (in automated testers), time allowed for the sample to equilibriate, sample volume and whether the sample is stirred. The testers and protocols are specified in standards such as DIN 51758, ASTM 93, and Determination of flash point: Closed cup equilibrium method (ISO 1523:2002).
Examples of fuel flash points
{| style="float:right; margin-left: 1em;" class="wikitable"! Fuel! Flash point! Autoignition
temperature|-|Gasoline (petrol)]|>62°C (143°F)|210°C (410°F)|-|Jet fuel (paraffin oil)|>38-72°C (100-162°F)|220°C (428°F)|}
[Petrol (gasoline) is designed for use in an
engine which is driven by a spark. The fuel should be premixed with air within its flammable limits and heated above its flash point, then ignited by the
spark plug. The fuel should not preignite in the hot engine. Therefore, gasoline is required to have a low flash point and a high autoignition temperature.
Diesel is designed for use in a
diesel engine. Air is gas compressor until it has been heated above the autoignition temperature of diesel; then the fuel is injected as a high-pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within the flammable limits of diesel. There is no ignition source. Therefore, diesel is required to have a high flash point and a low autoignition temperature.
Diesel varies between 126°F and 204°F (52°C-96°C/WJ).Jet fuels also vary a lot.Jet A and jet A-1 have a FP between 100°F and 150°F (38°C-66°C/WJ),close to that of off the shelf kerosene.However, both Jet B and FP-4 have a FP between -10°F and +30°F (-23°C - -1°C/WJ)
Sources of data
Flash point data are found in many physical property data collections as well as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) however not all data sources are equal, and the usefulness of the data depends on the method (specifically open or closed cup) which is not always specified.
Two of the most reliable data collections:
Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen. Band 1: Brennbare Flüssigkeiten und Gase. Elisabeth Brandes andWolfgang Möller, Wirtschaftsverlag NW (2003), ISBN 3-89701-745-8
NFPA 325, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and volatile solids, 1994; contained within NFPA Guide to Hazardous Materials (13th Ed), ISBN 0-87765-473-5
Another useful compilation of data can be found on the CONCAWE website under Product Dossiers (http://www.concawe.be)
See also
The
flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest
temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air. At this temperature the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed. A slightly higher temperature, the fire point, is defined as the temperature at which the vapor continues to burn after being ignited. Neither of these parameters are related to the temperatures of the ignition source or of the burning liquid, which are much higher. The flash point is often used as one descriptive characteristic of liquid fuels, but it is also used to describe liquids that are not used intentionally as fuels.
Mechanism
Every flammable
liquid has a
vapor pressure, which is a function (mathematics) ofthat liquid's
temperature. As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases. As the vapor pressureincreases, the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperaturedetermines the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the airunder thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. Different flammable liquids require differentconcentrations of the fuel in air to sustain combustion. The flash point is that minimum temperature at whichthere is a sufficient concentration of evaporated fuel in the air for combustion to propagate after an ignition source has been introduced.
Measuring flash points
There are two basic types of flash point measurement: open cup and closed cup.
In open cup devices the sample is contained in an open cup (hence the name) which is heated, and at intervals a flame is brought over the surface. The measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame above the liquid surface, and at sufficient height the measured flash point temperature will coincide with the
fire point. Examples include Cleveland Open Cup and Pensky-Martens open cup. The main difference being that the former is heated from below, while the later is heated from the sides as well as below.
Closed cup testers, of which the
Pensky-Martens closed cup is one example, are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced periodically. The vapour above the liquid is assumed to be in reasonable equilibrium with the liquid. Closed cup testers give lower values for the flash point (typically 5-10 K) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the
Lower Flammable Limit (LFL).
The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental physical parameter. The measured value will vary with equipment and test protocol variations, including temperature ramp rate (in automated testers), time allowed for the sample to equilibriate, sample volume and whether the sample is stirred. The testers and protocols are specified in standards such as DIN 51758, ASTM 93, and Determination of flash point: Closed cup equilibrium method (ISO 1523:2002).
Examples of fuel flash points
{| style="float:right; margin-left: 1em;" class="wikitable"! Fuel! Flash point! Autoignition
temperature|-|Gasoline (petrol)]|>62°C (143°F)|210°C (410°F)|-|Jet fuel (paraffin oil)|>38-72°C (100-162°F)|220°C (428°F)|}
[Petrol (gasoline) is designed for use in an engine which is driven by a spark. The fuel should be premixed with air within its flammable limits and heated above its flash point, then ignited by the
spark plug. The fuel should not preignite in the hot engine. Therefore, gasoline is required to have a low flash point and a high autoignition temperature.
Diesel is designed for use in a
diesel engine. Air is
gas compressor until it has been heated above the
autoignition temperature of diesel; then the fuel is injected as a high-pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within the flammable limits of diesel. There is no ignition source. Therefore, diesel is required to have a high flash point and a low autoignition temperature.
Diesel varies between 126°F and 204°F (52°C-96°C/WJ).Jet fuels also vary a lot.Jet A and jet A-1 have a FP between 100°F and 150°F (38°C-66°C/WJ),close to that of off the shelf kerosene.However, both Jet B and FP-4 have a FP between -10°F and +30°F (-23°C - -1°C/WJ)
Sources of data
Flash point data are found in many physical property data collections as well as
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) however not all data sources are equal, and the usefulness of the data depends on the method (specifically open or closed cup) which is not always specified.
Two of the most reliable data collections:
Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen. Band 1: Brennbare Flüssigkeiten und Gase. Elisabeth Brandes andWolfgang Möller, Wirtschaftsverlag NW (2003), ISBN 3-89701-745-8
NFPA 325, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and volatile solids, 1994; contained within NFPA Guide to Hazardous Materials (13th Ed), ISBN 0-87765-473-5
Another useful compilation of data can be found on the CONCAWE website under Product Dossiers (http://www.concawe.be)
See also
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Flash point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
edit] Mechanism. Every flammable liquid has a vapor pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature. As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases.
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